• br APJ expression in metabolic diseases Under physiological

  2024-10-17

  

  APJ expression in metabolic diseases Under physiological conditions, APJ is present in humans as well as in mouse tissues with high metabolic activity such as muscle and adipose tissue but not in the liver. Moreover, the presence and regulation of APJ in established adipocyte or muscle cell lines

• In glucose stimulated pancreatic cells

  2024-10-17

  

  In glucose-stimulated pancreatic β-cells, B-Raf activity is increased, while Raf-1 activity is under the detection limit (Duan and Cobb, 2010). Thus, B-Raf is the primary protein kinase involved in the rapid activation of ERK1/2 in glucose-treated pancreatic β-cells. Expression of a dominant-negativ

• Tumor tissues often experience hypoxia owing to accelerated

  2024-10-17

  

  Tumor tissues often experience hypoxia owing to accelerated growth rates of malignant cells, accumulation of metabolic products, disorganization of tumor blood vessels, and high interstitial fluid pressures (Makino et al., 2001). In response to AAD treatment, tumor vascular density often decreases t

• Thus far a tight coupling has been observed between mAbs

  2024-10-17

  

  Thus far, a tight coupling has been observed between mAbs that target aggregated Aβ and the occurrence of ARIA. If ARIA-E is caused by increased trafficking to and clearance of fibrillar Aβ from cerebral vessels (20), mAbs could be designed with conformationally specific epitopes selective for solub

• Another possible scenario is that the same pathologic proces

  2024-10-17

  

  Another possible scenario is that the same pathologic process has different effects in different people. It might be that the pathway outlined in Fig. 6A is operative in some individuals, but other individuals have a factor Q (which could be genetic or environmental) that blocks the effect of A on T

• Additionally regulation of GPCR heteromerization

  2024-10-16

  

  Additionally, regulation of GPCR heteromerization by specific ligands may depend not only on the affinity of ligands for receptors, but also on presence of different interacting proteins co-localizing with the receptors in the specific cell, which may induce some conformational changes and contribut

• br AMPK structure and mechanism of

  2024-10-16

  

  AMPK: structure and mechanism of action AMPK is a metabolic master switch that regulates downstream signals based on shifts in the surrounding energy reservoir [6]. It is expressed in a number of tissues, including the kidney, the liver, the skeletal muscle, the adipose tissue, and the hypothalam

• The inhibition of the exacerbated inflammatory response that

  2024-10-16

  

  The inhibition of the exacerbated inflammatory response that follows injury may be an alternative approach to induce a more efficient repair [17,83]. In line with that, 5-LO is one of the most consolidated targets for dampening inflammation, mainly through the therapeutic effects of 5-LO inhibitors

• br Conclusion br List of abbreviations br Acknowledgment

  2024-10-16

  

  Conclusion List of abbreviations Acknowledgment The studies performed by our laboratory and presented in this review were supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, (KAKENHI 17590618 [to H.I.] and KAKENHI 22249017 [to Y.Y.]), and the Japanese S

• l Arginine supplementation was reported to be efficient

  2024-10-16

  

  l-Arginine supplementation was reported to be efficient, inefficient or toxic in aged patients. The present study does not support our hypothesis that increased tissue arginase activity may account for the ineffectiveness and even the toxicity of l-arginine supplementation in ageing. Indeed, except

• br Conclusions In the current study

  2024-10-16

  

  Conclusions In the current study, we found that the exposure of maduramicin to chicken myocardial Nifedipine australia results in cellular damage and even death via the induction of apoptosis. Maduramicin upregulated the expression of apoptotic genes and activated caspase cascades, which were ac

• br Apelin Discovered in apelin was initially identified as

  2024-10-16

  

  Apelin Discovered in 1998, apelin was initially identified as the sole endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor (Tatemoto et al., 1998). Apelin-77 (pre-pro-apelin) is the precursor for various pharmacologically active apelin isoforms (e.g. apelin-12, -13, -17 and 36), and it shares 75–95% sequence

• The AT hook motif is highly conserved in evolution from

  2024-10-16

  

  The AT-hook motif is highly conserved in evolution from bacteria to humans and is found in one or more copies in a large number of other, non-HMGA, proteins, many of which are transcription factors or are involved in chromatin remodeling [8]. For example, AT-hook peptide motifs are essential compone

• Under some pathological conditions AT R internalization

  2024-10-15

  

  Under some pathological conditions, AT1R internalization is decreased when agonist exposure is prolonged. This weakens or removes the AT1R desensitization effect and leads to AT1R and downstream signal overactivation. AT1R overactivation can result in continued biological effects such as sustained v

• br Introduction AMP activated protein kinase AMPK has been

  2024-10-15

  

  Introduction AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been found to be a key character against cardiovascular diseases and cellular stress. When activated by certain stress, AMPK regulates sugars and fatty acids that are good or detrimental to the heart. For example, targeting AMPK phosphorylation

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